sanitation

Below An aerial view of the Aqueduct of Valens or Bozdog˘an Kemer in Istanbul, seen from the south, looking towards the Golden Horn. The 4th century bridge is 971m long and was used up to the early 20th century.

World Archaeology
117

‘The city thirsts’: water in Istanbul: past, present, and future

Supplying Constantinople with water was a monumental challenge that received a monumental solution. Examining the extraordinary remains of aqueducts, bridges, and cisterns reveals the ingenuity – and expense – committed to sating a thirsty ancient metropolis, as James Crow explains.

Current Archaeology
381

A Mighty Capital Under Threat: the environmental history of London, 1800-2000

The London we know today traces its roots directly back to the modest settlement developed on the banks of the Thames in the late 9th century, in the time of the Saxon king Alfred the Great. In spite of fires,…