‘I am Darius the Great King, King of Kings, king of countries containing all kinds of men, king in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage.’
These words appear in an inscription on the tomb of Darius I (r. 522-486 BC) at Naqsh-e Rustam, a necropolis near the ancient ceremonial capital of Persepolis in Iran. The third of the Kings of Kings of the Achaemenid dynasty (550-330 BC) tells us that he is Persian – the Achaemenid kings were ethnic Persians who settled in Fars, south-west Iran – but also that he is ariya (‘Aryan’), a word that shows that by his reign people in Iran were calling themselv
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