Incan

Cuzco: the centre and head of all the land

Cuzco was the heart of the vast Inca empire, but all changed in the 16th century when the capital was conquered by Spanish invaders. Michael J Schreffler investigates the Inca city, and how it went from the centre of one empire to the periphery of another.

ABOVE The location of Cedrocucho. This photograph shows the steep sided and heavily vegetated mountain where ruins were recently encountered during forest clearance work (location circled in red). BELOW This 1m wide wall seems to mark the lower eastern boundary of the site. At one end, it connects to a cliff, while at the other it reportedly reaches a ravine.

Cedrocucho: a pre-Inca tropical rainforest site?

The Incas had an eye for exotic rainforest produce, but many questions remain about how and when such goods were exploited by peoples living in the Peruvian highlands. Now a major archaeological complex, discovered during deforestation, promises to shed new light on the subject. Lidio M Valdez ponders who was farming the forest.