black sea

World Archaeology
131

Apsaros Roman fort: Guarding a distant shore

The Roman frontier in Georgia follows the edge of the Black Sea. Matthew Symonds visited the remains of Apsaros fort to find out more.

Left A 1919 caricature entitled ‘World peace in Ukraine!’ shows Ukrainians in the centre, under attack from a Bolshevik (to the north), a Russian White Army soldier (to the east), and (to the west and south west) a Polish soldier, a Hungarian (in pink uniform), and two Romanian soldiers.

Military History
134

Battlefield Ukraine: lessons from history

The roots of the current war in Ukraine are deeply entwined with the nation’s turbulent military history. Here, David Porter examines some of the most important episodes and events.

ABOVE The remains of Panticapaeum. It was founded in the 7th century BC as a Greek colony, and has survived as an urban site down to the present. Despite its modest size, the longevity of the city reflects a highly successful and sustainable society.

World Archaeology
116

Small is beautiful: exploring the drawbacks of megacities

Haunted by Ostrogothic and Hunnic raids, Panticapaeum still survived as a Byzantine citadel. It lived through a succession of Khazar and Slavic lordships to become the modern city of Kerch, now once more trying to persist through a precarious situation in the current war in Ukraine.